Authored by Aaishwary Raj, a 3rd-year law student at Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar.

Authored by Addepalli Aaditya Hridai, a 2nd- year law student at Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur.

Authored by Vishal Vaibhav Singh and Aryan Jha, both fourth-year law students at National Law University, Odisha.

This article analyses the right of necessity through the Vertical Limit case, exploring self-determination, consent, and conflicts of duties in extreme life-and-death situations.

📝 Editorial Note: This article is part of an ongoing 8-part scholarly series titled “ The System of Reciprocal Duties ” , preceded by an introductory index post. The series explores how rights emerge from and operate through corresponding duties, drawing on Hohfeldian analysis and Kantian legal philosophy. This part examines self-regarding acts in the context of indirect harm , using helmet laws as a case study to analyse how individual autonomy may be limited when personal

This article examines conflictual jural relationships in which competing rights clash across private, social, and public spheres, offering a structured framework for resolving conflicts through duties, autonomy, and constitutional values.

Join NLUO’s Constitutional Law Society for its 7th Double Credit Course on Law, Power & Privilege in Indian Constitutionalism. Online | Feb 1–22, 2026.

This article is Part I of a eight-part academic series titled “Jural Relationships in the System of Reciprocal Duties.” The series explores the philosophical and constitutional foundations of rights and duties, focusing on autonomy, will, and reciprocity in legal systems.

Authored by Priyam Mitra, a 3rd-year law student pursuing B.A., LLB at National Law School of India University (NLSIU), Bengaluru.